By the middle of the eighteenth century and certainly by the end of the War for Independence, the natural increase of the first European settlers of Massachusetts and its satellites was in its seventh or eighth generation. Consequently, even without substantial new immigration after the 1660s, New England itself was about out of profitable farm land.

Over that first formative century, the first English settlers and their descendants had pushed the Native Peoples off of the best of their so-called land, had taken possession of and then residence on the most desirable land. In the process, the New Englanders had been transformed from religious idealists to much more secular opportunists who were and have come to be known by the derisive (or at least not wholly complimentary) term "Yankees." This study is not about all that but considers one of the outcomes of that evolutionary Americanizing process.

The story of how overflow and opportunistic New Englanders transformed early New York communities is an important part of the history of New York State in the years after the American Revolution. This transformation is particularly apparent in the city of Albany during that time as virtually every Yankee newcomer stood out as different and also brought with them new and useful skills. They were prized if not entirely welcomed in virtually every economic and social arrangement. But, the story of New Englanders in the city of Albany really begins in the earlier days of the community.

The first semi-comprehensive census of city householders taken in 1679 identified at least fifteen non-New Netherland-connected individuals among the almost 150 principal Albany property holders. At this point, only Timothy Cooper has been definitively linked to New England origins. In addition, a young Robert Livingston had been sent to Albany as an agent for a Boston merchant. An important sub-theme over the rest of the century was the process by which New England opportunists were closed out of the Albany business community. The non-New Netherland ancestry, English speaking newcomers who became actual residents would be more identified with the garrison at the English fort.

In 1756,

1790.

1800

Despite its, factual deficiencies, the classic antiquarian work entitled New England in Albany has served as a guide (starting point) to the New Englanders who came to Albany during the second half of the eighteenth century.

Settlers: Mostly religious refugees, the initial colonization of New England also known as the "Great Migration" brought perhaps mostly English speakers to what became New England between 1630 and 1648.